DefinitionInstruments in which the measured quantity generates physical effects that deflect or displace the moving system are known asdeflection-type instruments. In other words, these instruments use the deflection of a moving component as the basis for measuring electrical quantities, making them suitable for dynamic condition measurements.Deflection-type instruments incorporate opposing effects that counteract the displacement of the moving system. These opposing effects are designed such th

DefinitionA hygrometer is used to measure the humidity in the surrounding environment, where "humidity" refers to the amount of water vapor in a gas. Hygrometers operate on the principle that the physical properties of materials change in response to humidity, enabling measurement.Humidity is classified into two types:Absolute Humidity: Represents the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air.Relative Humidity: The ratio of the actual water vapor pressure to the maximum water vapor pressure a

DefinitionA photoelectric transducer is a semiconductor device that converts light energy into electrical energy. It employs a photosensitive element that emits electrons when struck by light, altering the element’s electrical properties and inducing a current proportional to the intensity of the absorbed light.The schematic below illustrates the structure of the semiconductor material.A photoelectric transducer absorbs light radiation incident on its semiconductor material. This absorptio

DC Potentiometer Method for Resistance MeasurementThe DC potentiometer method is employed to measure low-value unknown resistances by comparing them with a standard resistance. This involves measuring the voltage drops across both the known (standard) and unknown resistances, then determining the unknown resistance through comparison.To understand this, consider the circuit diagram:Rrepresents the unknown resistance to be measured.Sis the standard resistance against whichRis compared.A rheostat

DefinitionA Platinum Thermal Resistance (PTR), also known as a Platinum Resistance Thermometer (PRT), utilizes platinum as the sensing material to measure temperature. Its operation is grounded in the principle that the electrical resistance of platinum varies predictably with temperature changes. This type of thermometer is capable of accurately measuring temperatures within a wide range, from -200°C to 1200°C.Platinum, an inert metal, possesses excellent malleability, allowing it to be

DefinitionAHot Wire Anemometeris a device used to measure thevelocity and direction of a fluid flowby quantifying the heat loss from a heated wire exposed to the fluid stream. The wire is heated via an electric current, and its temperature change—caused by heat transfer to the fluid—serves as an indicator of flow characteristics.When the heated wire is placed in the fluid stream, heat is convected from the wire to the fluid, causing the wire’s temperature to drop. Thechange in

Measuring Instruments: Definition, Classification, and CharacteristicsA measuring instrument is a device used to quantify physical and electrical quantities. The concept of measurement fundamentally involves comparing two quantities that share the same unit. One of these quantities has an unknown magnitude, which is then compared against a predefined standard value. Through this comparison, a numerical result is obtained, representing the measured value of the unknown quantity.Measuring instrume

Transducers: Definition, Functions, and ClassificationA transducer is an electronic device that plays a crucial role in converting physical quantities into electrical signals. It serves two fundamental functions: sensing and transduction. First, it detects the physical quantity of interest, such as temperature, pressure, or displacement. Then, it transforms this physical quantity into either mechanical work or, more commonly, an electrical signal that can be easily measured, processed, and analy

Hall Effect Element: Definition and PrincipleDefinitionA Hall effect element is a specialized type of transducer designed to measure magnetic fields. Since direct measurement of a magnetic field is not straightforward, the Hall effect transducer serves as a valuable tool. It operates by converting the magnetic field into an electromotive force (emf), an electrical quantity that can be conveniently measured using both analogue and digital meters. This conversion allows for the quantification and

Definition and Classification of Integrating InstrumentsDefinitionAn integrating instrument is designed to measure the cumulative energy supplied by an electrical circuit over a specific period. It focuses on the total amount of energy consumed, regardless of the rate at which that consumption occurs. A prime example of an integrating instrument is the watt - hour meter, which directly quantifies energy in watt - hours. This functionality makes integrating instruments invaluable for accurately d