What is a Signal Generator?Signal generators are electronic devices that generate electronic signals and waveform. These electronic signals are either repeating or non-repeating as per the requirements and field of applications. There are different types of signal generators with different level of capability and functionality. All the signal generators have different designs, different dimensions, and parameters. So, the variety of generators serves different purposes and covers a range of appl

Before we go into the topic of tuned collector oscillator, we must first understand what is an oscillator is and what it does. An oscillator is an electronic circuit that generates an oscillating or periodic signal, like a sine wave or a square wave. The main purpose of an oscillator is to convert a DC signal to an AC signal. Oscillators have numerous usages like in TV, clocks, radio, computers etc. Almost all electronic devices use some oscillators to generate an oscillating signal.One of the s

RC phase-shift oscillators use resistor-capacitor (RC) network (Figure 1) to provide the phase-shift required by the feedback signal. They have excellent frequency stability and can yield a pure sine wave for a wide range of loads.Ideally a simple RC network is expected to have an output which leads the input by 90o.However, in reality, the phase-difference will be less than this as the capacitor used in the circuit cannot be ideal. Mathematically the phase angle of the RC network is expressed a

What is a Clapp Oscillator?A Clapp oscillator (also known as a Gouriet oscillator) is an LC electronic oscillator that uses a particular combination of an inductor and three capacitors to set the oscillator’s frequency (see circuit diagram below). LC oscillators use a transistor (or vacuum tube or other gain element) and a positive feedback network.A Clapp oscillator is a variation of a Colpitts oscillator where an additional capacitor (C3) is added into the tank circuit to be in series with the

What is a Klystron Tube?A Klystron (also known as a Klystron Tube or Klystron Amplifier) is a vacuum tube that is used to oscillate and amplify microwave frequency signals. It was invented by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian.A klystron uses the kinetic energy of an electron beam. Generally, Low-power klystrons are used as oscillators and high-power klystrons are used as output tubes in UHF.There are two configurations for a low-powered klystron. One is a low-power microwa

What is QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)?QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is defined as the modulation technique which is the combination of phase and amplitude modulation of a carrier wave into a single channel. In other words, QAM transmits information by changing both the amplitude and phase of a carrier wave, thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. QAM is also known as “quadrature carrier multiplexing”.In a QAM signal, the direct modulation of a carrier wave in quadrature is inv

What is a Relaxation Oscillator?A relaxation oscillator is defined as a non-linear electronic oscillator circuit that can generate a non-sinusoidal repetitive output signal. A relaxation oscillator was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch using a vacuum tube during World War 1.Oscillators are classified into two different categories; linear oscillators (for sinusoidal waveforms) and relaxation oscillators (for non-sinusoidal waveforms).It must provide a repetitive and periodic signal for n

Oscilloscopes are an incredibly useful tool of the electronics world after a multimeter. Without a scope, it’s quite difficult to know what is happening in a circuit. But this type of test equipment has its own limitation. To overcome this limitation, one must understand the weakest links in the system fully and compensate for that in the best way possible.The important feature of the oscilloscope is the bandwidth. How fast the number of analog sample per second that it can read is the key facto

Normally, an oscilloscope is an important tool in an electrical field which is used to display the graph of an electrical signal as it varies with respect to time. But some of the scopes have additional features apart from their fundamental use. Many oscilloscopes have the measurement tool that help us to measure waveform characteristics like frequency, voltage, amplitude, and many more features with accuracy. Generally, a scope can measure time-based as well as voltage-based characteristics.Vol

The dual beam oscilloscope emits two electron beams that are displayed simultaneously on a single scope, which could be individually or jointly controlled. The construction and working of the dual beam oscilloscope are completely different from dual trace oscilloscope. The tubes are more complicated to build, and the whole thing is more expensive.A special type of double beam oscilloscope can display two electrons beam by generating or deflecting beams. Now a days, double beam oscilloscope is ou