Skin Effect DefinedSkin effect in transmission lines is the phenomenon where AC current concentrates near the conductor’s surface, increasing its effective resistance.Skin effect is defined as the tendency of an AC current to distribute unevenly over the cross-section of a conductor, such that the current density is highest near the surface of the skin of the conductor and decreases exponentially towards the core. This means that the inner part of the conductor carries less current than the oute

What is Long Transmission Line?Definition of Long Transmission LineA long transmission line is defined as a transmission line longer than 250 km (150 miles), which needs a different modeling approach.A long transmission line is defined as a transmission line with a length greater than 250 km (150 miles). Unlike short transmission lines and medium transmission lines, long transmission lines need detailed modeling of their distributed parameters along the entire length. This makes calculating the

Medium Transmission Line DefinitionA medium transmission line is defined as a transmission line with a length between 80 km (50 miles) and 250 km (150 miles).A medium transmission line is defined as a transmission line with an effective length more than 80 km (50 miles) but less than 250 km (150 miles). Unlike a short transmission line, the line charging current of a medium transmission line is appreciable and hence the shunt capacitance must be considered (this is also the case for long transmi

Short Transmission Line DefinitionA short transmission line is defined as a transmission line less than 80 km (50 miles) long or with a voltage less than 69 kV.A short transmission line is defined as a transmission line with an effective length less than 80 km (50 miles), or with a voltage less than 69 kV. Unlike medium transmission lines and long transmission lines, the line charging current is negligible, and hence the shunt capacitance can be ignored.For short length, the shunt capacitance of

What is a Transmission Lines?Transmission Line DefinitionA transmission line is a designed conductor that carries large volumes of electrical power across large distances at high voltages.Line Types and LengthsTransmission lines are categorized by length; short lines are under 80 km, medium lines between 80 and 250 km, and long lines over 250 km.Efficiency ExplainedTransmission line efficiency is the ratio of power received to power sent, indicating how much power reaches its destination versus

Equivalent circuit of a transmission line

What is Earthing?Equipment earthing is a connection done through a metal link between the body of any electrical appliance, or neutral point, as the case may be, to the deeper ground soil. The metal link is normally of MS flat, CI flat, and GI wire which should be penetrated into the ground earth grid.Equipment earthing is based on IS:3043-1987 Standards. Classification of electrical equipment IS: 9409-1980 Important rules for safety and earthing practice is based on IE rules 1956 Guide on effec

The points we must earth in an electrical substation include: The neutral point of differentvoltagelevels The metallic enclosure of allcurrentcarrying equipment The framework of all current carrying equipment All the metallic structure even not associated with current carrying equipmentMethod of EarthingWe connect all the points to be earthed with the earthing grid with corrosion resistance mild still rods. We bury the connection rods a minimum 600 mm below the ground level. If these horizontall

We should probably earth each tower of an electrical transmission line. We must measure footing resistance of each tower. We should take the footing resistance of tower in dry season before stringing the earth wire and/or OPGW (where OPGW is applicable). In any circumstances footing resistance of the tower will not be more than 10 ohms.We should use either pipe earthing or counterpoise for earthing of the electrical transmission line tower. The tower earthing lug should extend beyond the concret

Earth resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of current into the ground. It is also known as resistance to earth or ground resistance. Earth resistance is an important parameter for designing and maintaining earthing systems, as it affects the safety and performance of electrical installations.What is an Earth Electrode?An earth electrode is a metal rod or plate that is buried in the soil and connected to the earth terminal of an electrical system. It